Ensure Product Safety with Residual Solvent Testing at ACS Laboratory

• What Are Residual Solvents?
• Potential Dangers of Ingesting Residual Solvents
• Why Residual Solvent Testing Is So Critical 
• Residual Solvent Testing at ACS Laboratory 
• Bottom Line

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Residual solvent testing at ACS Laboratory ensures hemp, cannabis, kratom, and mushroom extracts are free from unsafe levels of these pervasive chemicals. Testing helps brands maintain product quality and meet regulatory standards. It also demonstrates a commitment to transparency, building consumer loyalty and trust.

This article explains the role of residual solvents, their allowable levels, the product types most likely to contain them, and how residual solvent testing with an accredited lab like ACS Laboratory keeps customers safe.

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What Are Residual Solvents?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines residual solvents as organic volatile chemicals used or produced when making or preparing drug substances. A solvent is a liquid that can dissolve, suspend, or extract materials without causing them to change chemically. 

Modern manufacturing uses solvents in many products, from paints and cosmetics to supplements and pharmaceuticals, to achieve desired properties and ensure uniformity. In the context of cannabis, hemp, mushroom, and kratom, solvents are used to extract active compounds such as cannabinoids, terpenes, and psychedelic substances. This extraction process is crucial for creating concentrated forms of these compounds for use in various products.

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Common solvents used to make extract-based products include:

• Acetone
• Butane
• Ethanol
• Heptane
• Hexane
• Isopropanol
• Pentane
• Propane
• Xylene

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Which Products Use Solvents and Why?

Solvent extraction isolates and concentrates active compounds from raw plant material. 

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For hemp and cannabis, the process uses solvents like ethanol, CO2, or butane to dissolve cannabinoids such as CBD and THC, as well as terpenes. This separation removes these valuable compounds from the plant's fibers, waxes, and chlorophyll, producing a potent and pure extract. Manufacturers then use this extract to create various products like oils, vapes, and edibles, offering easier dosing and consumption than raw plant material.

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Kratom extraction involves solvents to isolate alkaloids like mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine from the leaves. These concentrated alkaloids enhance the product's potency and effectiveness in powders, capsules, and extracts. 

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For psychedelic mushrooms, solvents isolate psilocybin and other active compounds, which are then used to create tinctures, capsules, and edibles. This extraction ensures the final products are consistent in their effects and free from unwanted plant residue.

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Hemp, kratom, mushroom, and cannabis products made using solvents include:

• Oils
• Vapes
• Edibles (gummies, candies, beverages, etc.)
• Waxes
• Shatter
• Pills and capsules
• Powders and supplements

Potential Dangers of Ingesting Residual Solvents

Solvents play a key role in making many fan-favorite extracts. However, these chemicals are only safe to ingest infrequently and at low levels. 

Residual solvents can pose significant health risks at high levels, so companies must remove them from their final products and verify content with residual solvent testing. 

The FDA classifies residual solvents into three main categories and regulates their acceptable quantities in products: 

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Class 1: The most toxic and dangerous; companies should avoid these and need to remove them entirely. 

Class 1 solvents include: 

• Benzene
• Carbon tetrachloride
• 1,2-Dichloroethane
• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

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Class 2: Less toxic but still dangerous; these can be present in products but must remain below established safety limits.

Class 2 solvents include: 

• Butane
• Chloroform
• Hexane
• Methanol
• Toluene

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Class 3: The lowest toxic potential; these pose the most minor health risks but still have safety limits in final products.

Class 3 solvents include: 

• Acetone
• Ethanol
• Isopropanol
• N-Pentane

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Risks associated with residual solvents in cannabis, hemp, kratom, and mushroom products

Exposure to high levels of residual solvents can cause a range of issues, including:

• Dizziness and drowsiness
• Nausea and stomach issues
• Allergic reactions
• Long-term health consequences, such as cancer and organ damage

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Health risks range depending on the chemical class and exposure frequency and concentration.

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Benzene (Class 1)

• Benzene is a carcinogen that can be life-threatening when ingested. It damages the immune system, bone marrow, and brain function, and can lead to leukemia or anemia when exposed in large amounts.
• Total benzene content shouldn’t exceed 1 ppm.

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Butane, Chloroform, Hexane, Methanol, Xylene (Class 2)

• Butane's high exposure can result in organ failure and cardiac issues.
• Hexane and xylene can cause severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness; large amounts can depress the central nervous system.
• Chloroform can lead to kidney and liver damage.
• Methanol can damage the optic nerve and cause blindness. 
• Allowable Class 2 solvent content is often between 150-250 ppm.

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Ethanol (Class 3)

• Ethanol in small amounts is relatively safe. Inhaling large quantities can lead to potentially harmful effects like tolerance, dependence, or cravings.
• Total ethanol content shouldn’t exceed 5,000 ppm.

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Only residual solvent testing can confirm the ethanol ppm quantity.